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what was the name of the test teachers had to take in tx in 1985?

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Educational testing and assessment system

Educational Testing Service
Type 501(c)(3)
Founded 1947
Headquarters 660 Rosedale Road, Princeton, New Jersey

Key people

 Robert S. Murley (Chairman) [1]
Products TOEFL and TOEIC tests, GRE Full general and Subject Tests, HiSET and Praxis Series assessments
Services Testing, assessments and research for educational utilise
Website www.ets.org Edit this at Wikidata

ETS' welcome sign, equally seen from Rosedale Route in Lawrence Township

Messick Hall at ETS headquarters

Lord Hall at ETS headquarters

Educational Testing Service (ETS), founded in 1947, is the world'south largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization.[2] It is headquartered in Lawrence Township, New Jersey, but has a Princeton accost.

ETS develops various standardized tests primarily in the Us for K–12 and higher education, and it also administers international tests including the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Linguistic communication), TOEIC (Test of English language for International Advice), Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Full general and Subject Tests, HiSET and The Praxis examination Serial—in more than 180 countries, and at over 9,000 locations worldwide. Many of the assessments it develops are associated with entry to US third (undergraduate) and 4th educational activity (graduate) institutions, merely it also develops K–12 statewide assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers twenty million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.

History [edit]

ETS is a U.S.-registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization created in 1947 by three other nonprofit educational institutions: the American Quango on Education (ACE), The Carnegie Foundation for the Advocacy of Teaching, and The College Entrance Examination Board.[ii] ETS was formed in 1947 to accept over the testing activities of its founders (whose organizations were not well suited to running operational assessment programs), and to pursue inquiry intended to advance educational measurement and education.[iii] [4] Among other things, ACE gave to the new organisation the Cooperative Test Service and the National Teachers Examination; Carnegie gave the GRE; and the College Board turned over to ETS the operation (merely not ownership) of the SAT for graduating loftier school students.

Scientific contributions [edit]

In keeping with the purposes for which it was established, ETS developed a program of research that covered not but measurement and education merely also such related areas as statistics, educational evaluation, and psychology, particularly cognitive, developmental, personality, and social psychology.[5] This broad-based research programme attracted many individuals who distinguished themselves in their fields, often while at ETS but also in subsequent professorial positions. Among the more influential scientists have been Harold Gulliksen (whose volume, Theory of Mental Tests, helped formulate classical test theory);[half-dozen] [7] Frederic Lord (item response theory); Samuel Messick[8] (modern validity theory); Robert Linn (known for testing and educational policy); Norman Frederiksen (operation assessment); Ledyard Tucker (exam analysis, including inventing the "Angoff Method" of standard setting); Donald Rubin (missing data and causal modeling from observational data); Karl Jöreskog (structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis); Paul Holland (differential item functioning, examination equating, causal modeling); Howard Wainer (differential item performance, Testlet Response Theory, statistical graphics); John Carroll (language testing and cognitive psychology); Michael Lewis (infant cognitive, social, and emotional development); Irving Sigel (children's cerebral development);[9] Herman Witkin (cognitive and learning styles); K. Patricia Cantankerous (adult education); Samuel Ball (an evaluation researcher who documented the positive educational effects of Sesame Street); David Rosenhan (known for the Rosenhan experiment, which challenged the validity of psychiatric diagnosis); Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (the effects of poverty on infant, child, and adolescent evolution); and Anthony Carnevale (education and the workforce).

Members of the ETS staff have been among the presidents of the National Quango on Measurement in Education (NCME); the Psychometric Lodge; the Measurement and Evaluation Division of the American Educational Inquiry Clan (AERA); the Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics Division of the American Psychological Association (APA); the APA Developmental Psychology Division; and the Jean Piaget Society. They have been among the executive editors of the Journal of Educational Measurement, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, and Discourse Processes. Major citations have included the APA Distinguished Contributions to Knowledge Honour (Norman Frederiksen, 1984), the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (Frederic Lord, 1988; Howard Wainer, 2009); the AERA Eastward.F. Lindquist Award (William Turnbull, 1981; Frederic Lord, 1988; Samuel Messick, 1994; Paul The netherlands, 2000; Wendy Yen, 2008; Howard Wainer, 2015; Charles Lewis, 2018; Randy E. Bennett, 2020); the NCME Career Contributions to Educational Measurement Award (Frederic Lord, 1990; Paul Holland, 2004; Howard Wainer, 2007; Neil Dorans, 2010; Linda Cook, 2017; Shelby Haberman, 2019); The Psychometric Gild's Lifetime Achievement Laurels (Howard Wainer, 2013), and the Jean Piaget Lodge's Lifetime Accomplishment Honour (Irving Sigel, 2002); among many other awards.

The high caliber of scientific staff allowed ETS to produce both new cognition and methodology, peculiarly in measurement and statistics, much of which has been taken up by assessment organizations around the world. Among the key scientific contributions were:

  • co-invention of particular response theory, an integrated framework for asking and answering a variety of practical problems related to the pattern and analysis of tests;[10] [eleven] [12]
  • cosmos of an approach and software for structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL), used throughout the social sciences to test theoretical relationships among variables;[13]
  • seminal contributions to mod validity theory, including the idea that validity was a unitary concept and that the evaluation of score meaning requires consideration of the consequences of test apply as those consequences may imply functional problems with the test;[14]
  • development of widely used approaches to data analysis when in that location are missing information;[15]
  • generation of approaches to causal modeling from observational data;[xvi] [17]
  • invention of the In-Handbasket Test (used throughout the world to assess applicants for managerial jobs in a wide variety of industries);[18]
  • development of methods for detecting test unfairness, including invention of the Standardization approach to Differential Item Operation (DIF) and application of the Mantel-Haenszel method;[19]
  • creation of the holistic-scoring arroyo to writing assessment, a ways of rapidly and reliably judging the quality of essay text, which allowed directly writing assessment to become a more than affordable alternative to multiple-choice questions for big-scale testing programs;[20] [21]
  • development of research-based procedures and standards for occupational licensing and certification.[22]

Current condition [edit]

ETS' international headquarters is located on a 376-acre (1.52 kmii) campus exterior of Princeton, New Jersey in Lawrence Township, Mercer County;[23] [24] [25] processing, aircraft, customer service and examination security is in nearby Ewing. ETS also has a major office in San Antonio, Texas, which houses its K–12 Assessment Programs segmentation, and smaller offices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Washington, DC, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, and Concord, Sacramento, and Monterey, California.[26] Overseas office locations, all of which are associated with for-profit subsidiaries that are wholly owned by ETS, include Amsterdam (ETS Global BV headquarters), London (ETS Global BV), Seoul (ETS Global BV), Paris (ETS Global BV), Amman (ETS Global BV), Warsaw (ETS Global BV), Beijing (ETS People's republic of china), and Kingston, Ontario (ETS Canada). Not including its for-turn a profit subsidiaries, ETS employs about 2,700 individuals,[27] including 240 with doctorates and an additional 350 others with "college degrees."

To help support its nonprofit educational mission, ETS, like many other nonprofits, conducts business activities that are unrelated to that mission (e.thou., employment testing). Under US tax law, these activities may be conducted (inside limits) past the nonprofit itself, or past for-profit subsidiaries.[25] Well-nigh of the "off-mission" work conducted past ETS is carried out by wholly owned, for-profit subsidiaries, including ETS Global BV, which contains much of the international operations of the visitor, ETS Mainland china, and ETS Canada.

About 25% of the work carried out by ETS is contracted by the College Board, a private, nonprofit membership association of universities, colleges, schoolhouse districts, and secondary schools. The well-nigh popular and well-known of the College Board's tests is the SAT, taken past more than 3 million students annually. ETS also develops and administers The College Board's Preliminary Saturday/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT) and the Advanced Placement program, which is widely used in United states loftier schools for advanced course credit.

Since 1983, ETS has conducted the National Cess of Educational Progress (NAEP), known as the "Nation's Written report Card", under contract to the United states National Center for Education Statistics. NAEP is the just nationally representative and continuing cess of what US students know and can do. ETS is responsible for coordination amid the nine NAEP Alliance contractors, for item development, and for design, data analysis, and reporting.[28]

In add-on to the contract piece of work that ETS undertakes for nonprofit and government entities similar the College Board, the National Centre for Education Statistics, and country teaching departments, the system offers its own tests. These tests include the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) (for graduate and professional school admissions), the Exam of English as a Foreign Linguistic communication (TOEFL) (for mail-secondary admissions), the Exam of English for International Communication (TOEIC) (for use by business organisation and manufacture), and the Praxis Series (for teacher licensure and certification).[29]

In England and Wales, ETS Europe, a unit of measurement of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the National Curriculum assessments on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this function in 2008 from Edexcel, a subsidiary of Pearson, which had encountered significant and repeated problems in conveying out the marker and processing contract.[30] [31] [32] Every bit was the case for Edexcel, The first yr of ETS Global's operation was struck past a number of problems, including the late arrival of scripts to examiners, a database of educatee entries being unavailable,[33] and countrywide reports of problems with the marking of the papers. The opposition Conservative Party (Tory) criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous issues with ETS's service.[34] The ETS contract with the QCA was terminated in Baronial 2008, with an understanding to pay dorsum £nineteen.5m and abolish invoices worth £4.6m.[35] Subsequently, the contract for National Curriculum assessment mark and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. Like the 2 prior contracts, the Edexcel contract has encountered significant quality issues[36] and the tests themselves, the focus of longstanding controversy in the English language education community and amid the public, have been subjected to a massive boycott past schools.[37]

In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, Inc to "simplify the unabridged letter of recommendation process".[38]

Criticism [edit]

Pond with fountains behind Messick and Lord Halls. Steven Brill reported in 1974 that ETS is known "around Princeton ... for its extravagance."[39]

ETS has been criticized for existence a "highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution".[40] Due to its legal status as a not-turn a profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many, but not all, of its operations.[39] Furthermore, information technology does not demand to report financial information to the Securities and Exchange Commission, though it does annually written report detailed financial information to the IRS on Form 990, which is publicly available.[41]

In response to growing criticism of its monopolistic power, New York state passed the Educational Testing Act, a disclosure police which required ETS to make bachelor certain test questions and graded answer sheets to students.[42]

Problems administering England's national tests in 2008 by ETS Europe were the field of study of thousands of complaints recorded by the Times Educational Supplement.[43] Their operations were also described as a "shambles" in the United kingdom Parliament, where a financial penalisation was called for.[44] Complaints included papers not being marked properly, or non being marked at all[45] and papers beingness sent to the incorrect schools or lost completely.[46] It has even been suggested that the quality of service is so poor that the Section for Children, Schools and Families (formerly the Department for Education and Skills) might non exist able to publish the 2008 league tables of schoolhouse functioning.[47] Withal, the contract was concluded by "mutual consent".[48] The United kingdom government asked Lord Sutherland to conduct an research into the failure of the 2008 tests. The written report included in its main findings:

• primary responsibility for this summer's delivery failure rests with ETS Global BV, which won the public contract to deliver the tests;
• ETS's capacity to deliver the contract proved to exist insufficient. A lack of comprehensive planning and testing by ETS of its systems and processes was a key factor in the delivery failure;

In 1983, students of James A. Garfield Loftier Schoolhouse in E Los Angeles, California, achieved unexpectedly high exam results on the ETS Advanced Placement Exam. ETS unsaid that the students may have cheated to obtain such results based on common mistakes beyond different exams. The students were required to show their abilities and innocence by taking a 2nd exam, which they did successfully.[49]

Americans for Educational Testing Reform (AETR) claims that ETS is violating its non-profit status through excessive profits, executive bounty, and governing board fellow member pay (which the IRS specifically advises against[50]). AETR farther claims that ETS is interim unethically by selling examination preparation materials, direct lobbying legislators and government officials, and refusing to acknowledge test-taker rights. Information technology also criticises ETS for forcing GRE test-takers to participate in research experiments during the actual examination.[51]

In 2014 the BBC reported that the Home Role has suspended English language linguistic communication tests run by ETS afterwards a BBC investigation uncovered systematic fraud in the student visa system. Secret filming of government-canonical English exams needed for a visa showed entire rooms of candidates having the tests faked for them.[52]

Tests administered [edit]

  • Graduate Record Examinations (GRE)
  • Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT)
  • College Level Examination Program (CLEP)
  • Test of English as a Foreign Linguistic communication (TOEFL)
  • Examination of English for International Communications (TOEIC)
  • Examination de français international (TFI)
  • California Loftier School Exit Examination (CAHSEE)
  • California Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program – replaced by CAASPP (California Assessment of Educatee Performance and Progress) in 2015.
  • the Praxis examination (successor to the NTE)
  • the National Cess of Educational Progress (NAEP)
  • the Examen de Admisión a Estudios de Posgrado (EXADEP)[53]
  • Major Field Exam for Principal of Business Administration

Encounter also [edit]

  • Sat
  • SPEAK (exam)

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Company Overview of Apollo Didactics Group, Inc.: Robert S. Murley". Bloomberg Business . Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  2. ^ a b History of the Educational Testing Service
  3. ^ Fuess, C.M. (1950). "The College Board: Its first fifty years". New York: The Columbia University Printing.
  4. ^ Educational Testing Service (1992). "The Origins of Educational Testing Service". Princeton, NJ: ETS.
  5. ^ Bennett, R.East.; van Davier, 1000. (Eds.). (2017). "Advancing Human Assessment: The Methodological, Psychological, and Policy Contributions of ETS". Cham, Switzerland: Springer Open. doi:x.1007/978-3-319-58689-2.
  6. ^ Burkhart, F. (November iii, 1996). "Harold Gulliksen, 93, Pioneer in Testing, Dies". The New York Times . Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  7. ^ Gulliksen, H. (1950). "Theory of Mental Tests". New York: Wiley.
  8. ^ Landis, D.; Tzeng, O.C.Southward. (2002). "Samuel J. Messick (1931-1998)". American Psychologist, 57(two). pp. 132–133.
  9. ^ McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A.; Shafrir, U.; Johnson, J.; Renninger, K. (2008). "Remembering Irving Sigel". Journal of Practical Developmental Psychology, 29(4). p. 253.
  10. ^ Lord, F.G. (1980). "Applications of item response theory to practical testing bug" Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  11. ^ Lord, F.M. (1952). "A Theory of Examination Scores". Psychometric Monographs, vii.
  12. ^ Lord, F.M.; Novick, 1000.R. (1968). "Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores". Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  13. ^ Joreskog, K.G.; Van Thillo, M. (1972). "LISREL: A Full general Figurer Program for Estimating a Linear Structural Equation Arrangement Involving Multiple Indicators of Unmeasured Variables (RB-72-56)" (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
  14. ^ Messick, South. (1989). "Validity". In R.L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (tertiary Ed.). New York: MacMillan. pp. 13–103.
  15. ^ Dempster, A.P.; Laird, North.M.; Rubin, D.B. (1977). "Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm". Periodical of the Purple Statistical Society, 39(1), Series B (Methodological). pp. 1–38.
  16. ^ Rubin, D. Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies, Periodical of Educational Psychology, Vol. 66, No.5, (1974), pp. 689.
  17. ^ Holland, P. (1986). "Statistics and Causal Inference". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396). pp. 945–960–103.
  18. ^ Frederiksen, N.; Saunders, D.R.; Wand, B. (1957). "The In-Handbasket Exam". Psychological Monographs: Full general and Applied, 71(nine). pp. 86–88.
  19. ^ The netherlands, P.Due west.; Thayer, D.T. (1988). "Differential item operation and the Mantel-Haenszel procedure". In H. Wainer & H.I. Braun (Eds.), Test Validity. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  20. ^ Coffman, W.E.. (1971). "Essay Examinations". In R.Fifty. Thorndike (Ed.), Educational Measurement (second Ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education. pp. 271–302.
  21. ^ Elliot, North. (2005). "On a Scale: A Social History of Writing Assessment in America". New York: Peter Lang. pp. 160–165.
  22. ^ Esser, B.F.; Kruger, D.H. "Benjamin Shimberg, 85, Expert on Testing in the Professions". The New York Times.
  23. ^ Alan Stoskopf (Jump 2000). "Sat + Ets = $". Rethinking Schools. 14 (3). Retrieved 2007-07-04 .
  24. ^ "Board: New Saturday to produce amend writers". CNN. 2002-06-28. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-04 .
  25. ^ a b Randy Elliot Bennett (2005). "What Does It Hateful to Be a Nonprofit Educational Measurement Organisation in the 21st Century?" (PDF). ETS . Retrieved 2007-07-04 .
  26. ^ ETS. "Contact Us". Retrieved 2010-05-12 .
  27. ^ Jennifer Merritt (2004-04-26). "A Syllabus Manner Beyond The SATs". Business Calendar week. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2007-07-04 .
  28. ^ National Center for Education Statistics (2010). "The History of NAEP Contractors". Retrieved 2010-05-14 .
  29. ^ ETS (2010). "ETS". Retrieved 2010-05-15 .
  30. ^ Examiners knew about maths error
  31. ^ Telephone call for a GCSE shake-upward as pass marker sinks to xvi%
  32. ^ Admin staff 'marking GCSE papers'
  33. ^ Lipsett, Anthea (May 15, 2008). "Headteachers angry at Sats 'nightmare'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-05-17 .
  34. ^ Curtis, Polly (19 July 2008). "A history of test failures". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  35. ^ "Sats marking contract is scrapped". BBC News. August 15, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  36. ^ Guardian (4 June 2009). "Hundreds of Sats examiners wrongly disqualified". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-14 .
  37. ^ Guardian (6 May 2010). "Hundreds of primaries to boycott Sats". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-14 .
  38. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-14 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)
  39. ^ a b Brill, Steven (October 7, 1974). "The Secrecy Backside the Higher Boards". New York. 7 (twoscore): 67–83. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  40. ^ Nordheimer, Jon; Frantz, Douglas (September 30, 1997). "Testing Behemothic Exceeds Roots, Drawing Business concern Rivals' Ire". The New York Times . Retrieved 2007-07-07 .
  41. ^ "Instructor Picket: ETS Monopoly Continues". HorseSense and Nonsense. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-07 .
  42. ^ "Educational Testing Service - Hoover's profile". Answers.com . Retrieved 2007-07-07 .
  43. ^ Warwick Mansell (four July 2008). Chaos casts doubt over tests borderline. Times Educational Supplement. [ permanent dead link ]
  44. ^ MPs criticise testing 'shambles' . BBC. 20 May 2008.
  45. ^ More questions about Sats results. BBC. 17 July 2008.
  46. ^ Schools hunting missing papers. BBC. 24 July 2008.
  47. ^ Mike Baker (eighteen July 2008). League tables 'might exist scrapped' . BBC.
  48. ^ "Sats marking contract is scrapped". BBC News. August 15, 2008.
  49. ^ Stand up and Deliver Revisited
  50. ^ United States Internal Revenue Service (February 7, 2007). "Good Governance Practices for 501(c)(3) Organizations" (PDF) . Retrieved 2009-05-31 .
  51. ^ Americans for Educational Testing Reform (10 May 2009). "America'south Corporate Guinea Pigs - How ETS Exploits GRE Test-Takers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-30 .
  52. ^ Student visa system fraud exposed in BBC investigation
  53. ^ ETS. "EXADEP". Retrieved 2010-08-01 .

Farther reading [edit]

  • Bickerstaffe, George, "Students Without IT Need Not Apply", Financial Times (London), October 26, 1998, p. 17.
  • Brennan, Lisa, "ETS, Kaplan in Legal Skirmish over Examination Security", New Jersey Law Journal, January 23, 1995, p. iii.
  • Celis, William, III, "Calculator Admissions Test Found to Exist Ripe for Abuse" New York Times, December sixteen, 1994.
  • Elson, John, "The Test That Everyone Fears", Time, Nov 12, 1990.
  • Honan, William, "Computer Admissions Test to Be Given Less Often", The New York Times, Jan four, 1995.
  • Kladko, Brian, "Calculator Technology Passes Judgment on Students' Essays", Record (Bergen Canton, Due north.J.), July ix, 2001.
  • Merritt, Jennifer, "Why the Folks at ETS Flunked the Course", Business Calendar week, December 29, 2003, p. 48.
  • Nairn, Allan, The Reign of ETS: The Corporation That Makes Up Minds, New York: Ralph Nader, 1980.
  • Nissimov, Ron, "Saturday Officials to Stop Flagging Disabled Students' Tests", Houston Chronicle, July 22, 2002.
  • Nowlin, Sanford, "Standardized Test Giants Lock Horns in Courtroom over Allegedly-Stolen Secrets", San Antonio Express-News, April 8, 2001.
  • Owen, David, None of the Above: Backside the Myth of Scholastic Aptitude, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
  • Sidener, Jonathan, "Educational Testing Service of Princeton, N.J., Develops New Grading Organization", Arizona Democracy, Feb i, 1999.
  • Tabor, Mary B.W., "Disabled to Go an Extra Gamble for S.A.T.s", The New York Times, April 1, 1994.
  • "Testing Company Claims State's Bidding Procedure Is Unfair", Associated Printing Land & Local Wire, January vi, 2003.
  • Vickers, Marcia, "Hate Exams? Here's a Hazard to Turn a profit from Them", The New York Times, Business Section, October 5, 1997, p. four
  • Weinstein, David, "ETS to Create Standardized English Test for Chinese Government", Associated Press Country & Local Wire, July 9, 2002.
  • Williams, Dennis A., "Testers V. Cram Courses", Newsweek, August 12, 1985.
  • Winerip, Michael, "No. two Pencil Fades as Graduate Examination Moves to Computer", The New York Times, November 15, 1993.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • ETS Signs New College Board Contract [ permanent dead link ]
  • 2004 Course 990 from the IRS – lists ETS' executives' incomes
  • Educational Testing Service in Europe, Centre-East and Africa
  • Americans for Educational Testing Reform (AETR)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service

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